« Hipinosi » : différence entre les versions

Version du 1 avril 2026 à 02:19

Hipinosi (kubva kuChingezi: Hypnosis) inzira yekurapa yepfungwa inoshandiswa kushandura mamiriro epfungwa nemuviri, ichibvumira munhu kuti atarise zvakanyanya, kugadzikana, uye kugamuchira mazano (suggestions) kana kurairwa. Inowanzo shandiswa mukuvhiya zvinetso zvemanzwiro, kudzora marwadzo, kusiya tsika dzakaipa, uye kuongorora zviitiko zvekare. MuZimbabwe, hipinosi inozivikanwa zvishoma nezvishoma seimwe nzira yekurapa inobatsira pakurapa pfungwa nemuviri, kunyangwe ichiri kutsvagwa zvakanyanya.

Tsananguro

Hipinosi inzira inoshandiswa nemunhu ane ruzivo (hypnotherapist) kuti apindire mupfungwa dzemunhu (client) kuti amubatsire kugadzirisa dambudziko. Panguva iyi, munhu anonzi ari muhipinosi anogona kunge aine ruzha rwakadzikama, kugadzikana kwemuviri, uye anogona kuteerera nekutevedzera mazano akanaka anopiwa nemurapi. Hazvireve kuti munhu anorasika kana kufenda zvachose. Pane kudaro, munhu anoramba aine masimba ekuzvidzora uye haangaitwe chinhu chaanofunga kuti chakaipa. Zvinangwa zvehipinosi ndezvekushandura maitiro epfungwa, kudzora manzwiro, uye kuvandudza hutano hwepfungwa nemuviri.

Nhoroondo

Pasi Rose

Nhoroondo yehipinosi inodzokera kumagariro ekare, kunyange zvazvo isina kunzi "hipinosi" panguva iyoyo. Vanhu vekare vaiita maitiro akafanana neaya, sekushandisa nziyo, mutinhimira, uye kudzokorora mashoko kuti vapinde mumamiriro epfungwa ekugadzikana uye kurapwa. Muzana ramakore rechi 18, muAustria, Franz Anton Mesmer akatanga nzira yainzi "mesmerism" yaishandisa simba remagineti kuti arapwe vanhu. Zvisinei, muna 1843, muScotland James Braid akatanga izwi rekuti "hypnosis" achibva pashoko rechiGiriki rokuti hypnos (hope). Kubva ipapo, nzira idzi dzakavandudzwa nevanoongorora pfungwa vakaita saSigmund Freud, Milton H. Erickson, uye vamwe vazhinji.

MuZimbabwe

MuZimbabwe, mashandisirwo ehipinosi echirungu akatanga kuoneka mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi20, achifambiswa nevarapi vepfungwa, varapi vezveutano hwepfungwa, uye vamwe varapi vechivanhu vakanga vadzidza nzira idzi. Zvisinei, maitiro akafanana nehipinosi anga atove chikamu chetsika nemagariro evanhu vechiShona nevarudzi rwevanhu vemuZimbabwe kwemazana emakore. Zviitiko zvakaita sekudzidziswa kwevarwi (machinda) kuti vashaye hanya netya, kushandiswa kwemishonga yechivanhu (muti) uye mashoko ekurairwa (kupembedza) pakurapa, uye nzira dzekufambaidzwa (kurohwa nemhepo) dzinogona kutorwa semhando dzehipinosi yechivanhu. Mazuva ano, mashandisirwo acho anowanikwa muzvikoro zvekurapa, mumakliniki epfungwa, uye kunzvimbo dzekurapa dzechivanhu.

Mhando

Pane akati wandei mhando dzehipinosi dzinoshandiswa zvichienderana nezvinangwa zvekurapwa.

Hipinosi Yekuraira (Direct Suggestion Hypnosis): Iyi ndiyo nzira inonyanyozivikanwa apo murapi anopa mazano akananga kune dambudziko, sekuti "Hauchadi zvakare fodya" kana "Uchazonzwa murwere usisina marwadzo." Inoshanda pakusiya tsika, kudzora hasha, kana kuderedza manzwiro ekutyisa.

Hipinosi Yekuongorora (Analytical Hypnosis): Mhando iyi inoshandiswa kuongorora zvikonzero zvedambudziko repfungwa, kazhinji zviri muchidzidzo cheupenyu hwekare. Inobatsira kuvheneka zviitiko zvekare zvinokonzeresa kusagadzikana kwemazuva ano. Zvakare inoshandiswa muHipinosi Yekudzokera (Hypnotic Regression).

Hipinosi Yekuzvidzora (Self-Hypnosis): Iyi mhando inodzidziswa kumurwere kuti azviitire ega asina rubatsiro rwemurairi. Inobatsira mukudzora marwadzo, kuderedza kushushikana, kuvandudza kuzvivimba, uye kugadzirisa matambudziko ehusiku.

Hipinosi Yechivanhu (Traditional Trance States): Izvi zvinosanganisira maitiro echivanhu akaita sekupindwa nemweya (possession), kushandiswa kwemishonga yechivanhu kuti munhu apinde mumamiriro ekugadzikana, uye nzira dzekuraira dzinoshandiswa navan’anga kana masvikiro. Zviitiko izvi zvinowanzoitirwa zvinangwa zvekurapa, kudzidzisa, kana kutaurirana nemadzitateguru.

Ericksonian Hipinosi: Nzira iyi yakagadzirwa naMilton H. Erickson inoshandisa ngano, fananidzo, uye mashoko asina kunanga kuti apinde mupfungwa dzemurwere. Inonyanya kubatsira kune vanhu vanopikisa mazano akananga.

Tsvagurudzo Yesainzi

Tsvagurudzo yezvesainzi inoratidza kuti panguva yehipinosi, maitiro emuuropi (brain) anochinja. Ongororo dzeNeuroimaging dzakaratidza kuti panguva iyi, matunhu emuuropi anobatanidzwa mukutarisa uye kuziva anoshanda zvakanyanya, nepo mamwe matunhu anobatanidzwa mukuziva uye kuziva kuti ndiri ani (self-awareness) anodzikira kushanda. Izvi zvinotsanangura sei munhu ari muhipinosi achiita seanoteerera zvakanyanya mazano, asi achigona kuramba aine ruzivo rwekuti ndiani.

MuZimbabwe, tsvagurudzo pamusoro pehipinosi haisati yakawanda, asi mamwe masangano akaita seUniversity of Zimbabwe Faculty of Medicine neZimbabwe Psychological Association anotanga kufarira mashandisirwo ayo mukurapa kushushikana, kushaya hope, uye kudzora marwadzo, kunyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu ekushomeka kwevarapi vezvepfungwa. Zvakare, pane kufarirwa kwekushandisa hipinosi seimwe nzira yekubatsira vanhu vane zvinetso zvepfungwa zvinokonzerwa nenguva yekurwa kwechimurenga (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder).

Mashandisirwo

Hipinosi inoshandiswa muzvikamu zvakawanda zvehutano, kunyanya:

Kurapwa kwePfungwa neManzwiro: Kubatsira vanhu vane kushushikana, kusuruvara, hasha, kutyoka moyo, uye zvinetso zvekudzokorora zviitiko (PTSD).
Kudzora Marwadzo: Inoshandiswa mukuvhiya, pakuberekwa, uye pakurapa marwadzo emapfupa kana tsandanyama.
Kusiya Tsika Dzakashata: Kubatsira vanhu kusiya fodya, kunwa doro zvakanyanya, kudya zvakawandisa, uye kumwa mishonga yakaipa.
Kuvandudza Unyanzvi Hwekuita Zvinhu: Inobatsira vatambi, vadzidzi, uye vanhu vebasa kuwedzera kuvimba, kudzikisira kutya, uye kuvandudza kutarisa.
Kurapa Zvinetso Zvekuona Zvakanaka neZvakaipa (Body Dysmorphic Disorder): Kubatsira munhu kuti aone muviri wake zvakanaka.
Kurwisa Zvinetso Zvehusiku: Kugadzirisa kushaya hope, kurota hope dzinotyisa, uye kurovedza mazino husiku (bruxism).
Hipinosi Yekudzokera: Kushandiswa kwehipinosi kudzokera kune zviitiko zvekare, kazhinji kuvheneka zvikonzero zvezvinetso zvemazuva ano.

Mamiriro emutemo muZimbabwe

MuZimbabwe, hipinosi haisi nzira yekurapa inotenderwa zviri pamutemo seimwe nzira yekurapa. Hazvina kudomwa zvakananga mumutemo wezvehutano. Nekudaro, mashandisirwo ayo anoitwa nevanhu vane marezinesi ekurapa, vakaita savanachiremba, varapi vezvepfungwa (psychologists), uye varapi vezveutano hwepfungwa (psychiatric nurses) vari pasi pemitemo yavo yebasa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti munhu anoda kushandisa hipinosi seimwe nzira yekurapa anofanira kunge ari nyanzvi inotenderwa mune imwe nzira yekurapa uye anofanira kudzidziswa zvakakwana nezvehipinosi. Kushandisa hipinosi pasina mvumo kana ruzivo kunogona kutorwa sekutyora mutemo kana kuita zvisiri pamutemo, kunyanya kana kukonzera kukuvara kumunhu.

Maonero etsika nemagariro

Maonero echiShona pamusoro pehipinosi anotsaukana. Vamwe vanhu vanoiona sechishandiso chinobatsira chinowirirana netsika dzechivanhu dzekupindwa nemweya uye kurapwa nemashoko. Vanhu ava vanoona hipinosi yechirungu seimwe nzira yekurapa inoenderana neyechivanhu. Vamwe vanoiona sechiratidzo chekutiza tsika dzechivanhu uye kutevedzera tsika dzekunze. Kune vamwezve, kunyanya mumasangano echitendero, vanoona hipinosi sechinhu chakaipa chinobva kunaSatani nekuti chinopinda mupfungwa dzemunhu. Zvisinei, maonero ari kushanduka zvishoma nezvishoma sezvo ruzivo rwehipinosi rwuchiwanda, uye vanhu vachiiona seimwe nzira yekurapa inobatsira.

Vashandisi vanozivikanwa muZimbabwe

Dr. Frances M. Lovemore: Mumwe wevarapi vezvepfungwa vekutanga muZimbabwe kushandisa hipinosi mukurapa vanhu vane zvinetso zvepfungwa, kunyanya vane zvinetso zvekudzokorora zviitiko.
Sekuru Thomas M. Mhlanga: Muvambi weimwe yemakliniki ekurapa pfungwa muHarare aishandisa nzira dzakasanganiswa dzehipinosi yechirungu neyechivanhu.
Vadzidzisi veZimbabwe Institute of Hypnotherapy: Sangano iri riri kuHarare rinopa zvidzidzo uye marezinesi kune vanoda kudzidza nezve hypnotherapy. Vadyaridzi vesangano iri vanoshanda munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzekurapa.
Van’anga neMasvikiro Vechivanhu: Vazhinji vevanhu ava, kunyangwe vasingazviti "hypnotherapists," vanoshandisa nzira dzekupindisa vanhu mumamiriro ekugadzikana kuti avarape kana kuvapa mashoko. Mashandisirwo avo anogona kutorwa sehipinosi yechivanhu.

Ringai Zvakare

@@ Ligne 1 : / Ligne 1 : @@
-'''Hipinosi''' (kuchokera ku Chigiriki: ὕπνος, 'gona'), ndi njira yopangira munthu kuti akhale pachiwopsezo chokhazikika, pomwe malingaliro ake amakhala osasunthika komanso ofooka, pomwe munthuyo amakhala ndi chidwi chambiri ndipo amatha kuvomereza malangizo (sajesioni). Mu Malawi, hipinosi imadziwika ngati chida chothandiza m'maboma osiyanasiyana a thanzi la malingaliro ndi zamankhwala, koma imayang'aniridwa ndi nkhani za chikhalidwe ndi malingaliro a anthu.
+'''Hipinosi''' (kubva kuChingezi: Hypnosis) inzira yekurapa yepfungwa inoshandiswa kushandura mamiriro epfungwa nemuviri, ichibvumira munhu kuti atarise zvakanyanya, kugadzikana, uye kugamuchira mazano (suggestions) kana kurairwa. Inowanzo shandiswa mukuvhiya zvinetso zvemanzwiro, kudzora marwadzo, kusiya tsika dzakaipa, uye kuongorora zviitiko zvekare. MuZimbabwe, hipinosi inozivikanwa zvishoma nezvishoma seimwe nzira yekurapa inobatsira pakurapa pfungwa nemuviri, kunyangwe ichiri kutsvagwa zvakanyanya.
-== Mtanthauzira ==
+== Tsananguro ==
-'''Hipinosi''' ndi chimodzimodzi cha kupezeka kwa malingaliro komwe kumaloledwa ndi wina aliyense kapena kudziyika mwini, pomwe malingaliro amasanduka osasunthika, ofooka, ndipo amakhala ndi chidwi chokhazikika. Pa nthawiyi, munthu amatha kuvomereza malangizo a wothandizira (hypnotist) mosavuta kuposa momwe angachitire pamene ali pachiwopsezo chachikale. Hipinosi si gona; anthu a hipinosi samagona, koma amakhala ndi nzeru zonse ndipo amakumbukira zomwe zinachitika, kupatula ngati atapatsidwa malangizo oti asakumbukire. Mu Malawi, tanthauzo ili lidakula kuchokera ku malingaliro a zamatsenga kupita ku kumvetsetsa kwa sayansi.
-== Mbiri ==
+'''Hipinosi''' inzira inoshandiswa nemunhu ane ruzivo (hypnotherapist) kuti apindire mupfungwa dzemunhu (client) kuti amubatsire kugadzirisa dambudziko. Panguva iyi, munhu anonzi ari muhipinosi anogona kunge aine ruzha rwakadzikama, kugadzikana kwemuviri, uye anogona kuteerera nekutevedzera mazano akanaka anopiwa nemurapi. Hazvireve kuti munhu anorasika kana kufenda zvachose. Pane kudaro, munhu anoramba aine masimba ekuzvidzora uye haangaitwe chinhu chaanofunga kuti chakaipa. Zvinangwa zvehipinosi ndezvekushandura maitiro epfungwa, kudzora manzwiro, uye kuvandudza hutano hwepfungwa nemuviri.
-=== Padziko Lonse ===
-Mbiri ya hipinosi yayamba kale ku Europe, makamaka ku Austria ndi Germany mu zaka za m'ma 1700, pomwe adalembedwa ndi Franz Mesmer, yemwe adamanga dongosolo lotchedwa "mesmerism". Koma kumvetsetsa kwa sayansi kwa hipinosi kunayamba kwambiri mu zaka za m'ma 1900, pomwe asayansi monga Sigmund Freud adagwiritsa ntchito hipinosi pofufuza malingaliro a munthu. Pambuyo pake, ku Britain ndi ku America, adagawika mitu yiwiri: imodzi ikuyang'ana hipinosi ngati chinthu chosiyana (state theory) ndi ina ikuyang'ana ngati njira yothetsera vuto (non-state theory). Lero, hipinosi imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maboma ambiri a zamankhwala padziko lonse lapansi.
-=== Mu Malawi ===
+== Nhoroondo ==
-Mu Malawi, kugwiritsa ntchito hipinosi kunayamba kuwoneka mochedwa, pang'ono pambuyo pa ufulu mu 1964. Kuyambira m'ma 1990 ndi 2000, adalowa asayansi a zamalingaliro ochokera kunja komanso a ku Malawi omwe adabweretsa njira izi. Chipatala cha Queen Elizabeth ku Blantyre ndi chipatala cha Kamuzu Central ku Lilongwe ndi m'mene anayambira kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana za chithandizo cha malingaliro, monga hipinosi, pofuna kuthana ndi masautso a m'maganizo, kuchepetsa madolo, ndi kuthandiza anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kudziwa. Gulu la '''Malawi Counsellors and Psychologists Association (MACPA)''' ndilo lili ndi udindo woonetsetsa kuti njira izi zigwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera.
-== Mitundu ==
+=== Pasi Rose ===
-Hipinosi ili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito malinga ndi zolinga.
+Nhoroondo yehipinosi inodzokera kumagariro ekare, kunyange zvazvo isina kunzi "hipinosi" panguva iyoyo. Vanhu vekare vaiita maitiro akafanana neaya, sekushandisa nziyo, mutinhimira, uye kudzokorora mashoko kuti vapinde mumamiriro epfungwa ekugadzikana uye kurapwa. Muzana ramakore rechi 18, muAustria, Franz Anton Mesmer akatanga nzira yainzi "mesmerism" yaishandisa simba remagineti kuti arapwe vanhu. Zvisinei, muna 1843, muScotland James Braid akatanga izwi rekuti "hypnosis" achibva pashoko rechiGiriki rokuti ''hypnos'' (hope). Kubva ipapo, nzira idzi dzakavandudzwa nevanoongorora pfungwa vakaita saSigmund Freud, Milton H. Erickson, uye vamwe vazhinji.
-* '''Hipinosi Yachipatala''' (Clinical Hypnosis): Iyi ndi yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito adokotala, akatswiri a thanzi la malingaliro, kapena anursi ophunzira. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kuchiza matenda monga kuwawa kwa thupi, kusowa tulo, mantha, ndi kulephera kuleka chidakwa. Mu Malawi, imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mipatala yachipatala ndi m'makliniki a thanzi la malingaliro.
+=== MuZimbabwe ===
-* '''Hipinosi Yachiwembu''' (Stage Hypnosis): Iyi ndi yomwe amaonetsa pa mapiko kuti asangalats anthu. Amachita kuti anthu achite zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga kulira monga nkhuku, kusewera ngati amene ali ndi chisoni, ndi zina. Izi sizigwiritsidwa ntchito pa chithandizo, ndipo mu Malawi, sizipezeka kwambiri chifukwa anthu amachiona ngati zosayenera.
+MuZimbabwe, mashandisirwo ehipinosi echirungu akatanga kuoneka mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi20, achifambiswa nevarapi vepfungwa, varapi vezveutano hwepfungwa, uye vamwe varapi vechivanhu vakanga vadzidza nzira idzi. Zvisinei, maitiro akafanana nehipinosi anga atove chikamu chetsika nemagariro evanhu vechiShona nevarudzi rwevanhu vemuZimbabwe kwemazana emakore. Zviitiko zvakaita sekudzidziswa kwevarwi (machinda) kuti vashaye hanya netya, kushandiswa kwemishonga yechivanhu (muti) uye mashoko ekurairwa (kupembedza) pakurapa, uye nzira dzekufambaidzwa (kurohwa nemhepo) dzinogona kutorwa semhando dzehipinosi yechivanhu. Mazuva ano, mashandisirwo acho anowanikwa muzvikoro zvekurapa, mumakliniki epfungwa, uye kunzvimbo dzekurapa dzechivanhu.
-* '''Hipinosi Yogwiritsidwa Ntchito Mwini''' (Self-Hypnosis): Ndimeneyu munthu amaphunzira kudziyika mwini pachiwopsezo cha hipinosi popanda wothandizira. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kuchepetsa ndende, kukonza maganizo, kapena kuphunzira. Mabuluku ndi makalasi a hipinosi ogwiritsidwa ntchito mwini apezeka pang'ono mu mabuku a ku Malawi ndi pa intaneti.
-* '''[[Hipinosi Yobwerera]]''' (Regression Hypnosis): Njira imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti abweze munthu kuzaka zake zapamwamba, kapena m'mbuyomu, kuti afufuze zomwe zingakhale zatsogolera ku vuto lomwe alinalo. Mu Malawi, njira iyi imayang'aniridwa kwambiri ndipo sizigwiritsidwa ntchito mwambiri chifukwa malingaliro a anthu okhudzana ndi zokhulupirira za m'manda.
-== Kafukufuku Wasayansi ==
+== Mhando ==
-Kafukufuku wasayansi wa hipinosi wakhala wakukula padziko lonse. Zitsanzo zamatsenga (brain scans) zionetsa kuti pamene munthu ali pachiwopsezo cha hipinosi, magawo ena a ubongo amagwira ntchito mosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, gawo lomwe limayang'anira nzeru ndi kudziwa (prefrontal cortex) limachepetsa ntchito yake, pomwe gawo lomwe limayang'anira chidwi ndi kukumbukira (anterior cingulate cortex) limagwira ntchito kwambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti hipinosi ndi "chiyembekezo" chabwino, koma ndi chiyembekezo chomwe chimapangitsa thupi kusintha.
-Mu Malawi, kafukufuku wambiri saukuchitika chifukwa chokwanira chuma ndi akatswiri. Koma chipatala cha Mzuzu Central Hospital chinachita kafukufuku wochepa woona ngati hipinosi ingathandize pochepetsa madolo a anthu omwe akugwira ntchito ya umoyo. Zotsatira zina zasonyeza kuti anthu omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito hipinosi adachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. MACPA ikuyembekeza kuti ikakula, idzachita kafukufuku wambiri wa m'Malawi mwene.
+Pane akati wandei mhando dzehipinosi dzinoshandiswa zvichienderana nezvinangwa zvekurapwa.
-== Kugwiritsidwa Ntchito ==
+* '''Hipinosi Yekuraira''' (Direct Suggestion Hypnosis): Iyi ndiyo nzira inonyanyozivikanwa apo murapi anopa mazano akananga kune dambudziko, sekuti "Hauchadi zvakare fodya" kana "Uchazonzwa murwere usisina marwadzo." Inoshanda pakusiya tsika, kudzora hasha, kana kuderedza manzwiro ekutyisa.
-Hipinosi imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maboma ang'onoang'ono mu Malawi, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito mofanana ndi padziko lonse.
-* '''Thanzi la Malingaliro''': Kuthana ndi mantha, kusowa tulo, masautso ochokera ku zochitika zoopsa (PTSD), ndi kudandaula kwambiri (depression). Akatswiri amagwiritsa ntchito hipinosi kuti athe kusintha malingaliro ndi mayendedwe a munthu.
+* '''Hipinosi Yekuongorora''' (Analytical Hypnosis): Mhando iyi inoshandiswa kuongorora zvikonzero zvedambudziko repfungwa, kazhinji zviri muchidzidzo cheupenyu hwekare. Inobatsira kuvheneka zviitiko zvekare zvinokonzeresa kusagadzikana kwemazuva ano. Zvakare inoshandiswa mu[[Hipinosi Yekudzokera]] (Hypnotic Regression).
-* '''Zamankhwala''': Kuchepetsa kuwawa, makamaka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda opweteka monga cancer. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso pofuna kuchepetsa madolo ndi kuthandiza kupulumuka kwa opopera.
-* '''Zophunzitsa''': Kuthandiza aphunziri kuti achepetse mantha a mayeso ndi kukumbukira bwino. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'sukulu sikusachitika kwambiri mu Malawi.
-* '''Kulephera Kuleka Chidakwa''': Kuthandiza anthu omwe akugwiritsa ntchito fodya, mowa, kapena chamba kuti achepetse chiwawa chokoka. Koma mu Malawi, njira iyi sizogwiritsidwa ntchito mwambiri pokwana chifukwa cha kusowa kwa akatswiri.
-* '''Kuthandiza M'masewera''': Kuthandiza asewera kuti akonze maganizo awo, kuchepetsa mantha, ndi kukweza chidwi. Masewera ena a mpira wa miyendo ku Malawi amagwiritsa ntchito njira zofanana nazo, koma osati hipinosi yokhazikika.
-== Maufulu ndi Malamulo mu Malawi ==
+* '''Hipinosi Yekuzvidzora''' (Self-Hypnosis): Iyi mhando inodzidziswa kumurwere kuti azviitire ega asina rubatsiro rwemurairi. Inobatsira mukudzora marwadzo, kuderedza kushushikana, kuvandudza kuzvivimba, uye kugadzirisa matambudziko ehusiku.
-Mu Malawi, palibe malamulo olondola okhudzana ndi hipinosi. Koma kugwiritsa ntchito hipinosi monga gawo la chithandizo cha thanzi la malingaliro kumayendera malamulo a umoyo. Wogwiritsa ntchito hipinosi ayenera kukhala dokotala wovomerezeka, katswiri wa thanzi la malingaliro (psychologist), kapena munthu wophunzira bwino komanso wovomerezeka ndi bungwe monga '''Medical Council of Malawi''' kapena '''Malawi Counsellors and Psychologists Association (MACPA)'''.
-Ngati munthu akugwiritsa ntchito hipinosi popanda chilolezo cha malamulo a umoyo, angamenyedwe ndi malamulo a Malawi. '''Hipinosi yachiwembu''' (stage hypnosis) siyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanda chilolezo cha boma, ndipo ayenera kutsata malamulo a mapiko. Anthu ena amachita makalasi a hipinosi yogwiritsidwa ntchito mwini, ndipo izi sizofunikira chilolezo, koma ziyenera kuchitidwa ndi anthu ophunzira bwino.
+* '''Hipinosi Yechivanhu''' (Traditional Trance States): Izvi zvinosanganisira maitiro echivanhu akaita sekupindwa nemweya (possession), kushandiswa kwemishonga yechivanhu kuti munhu apinde mumamiriro ekugadzikana, uye nzira dzekuraira dzinoshandiswa navan’anga kana masvikiro. Zviitiko izvi zvinowanzoitirwa zvinangwa zvekurapa, kudzidzisa, kana kutaurirana nemadzitateguru.
-== Malingaliro a Chikhalidwe ==
+* '''Ericksonian Hipinosi''': Nzira iyi yakagadzirwa naMilton H. Erickson inoshandisa ngano, fananidzo, uye mashoko asina kunanga kuti apinde mupfungwa dzemurwere. Inonyanya kubatsira kune vanhu vanopikisa mazano akananga.
-Malingaliro a anthu okhudzana ndi hipinosi mu Malawi amasiyana. Anthu ena, makamasa amene ali ndi maphunziro, amawona hipinosi ngati chida chabwino cha sayansi chothandiza. Koma anthu ena ambiri, makamaka kumidzi, amawona hipinosi ngati matsenga kapena chisilamu. Amachiona ngati chimodzimodzi ndi mfiti kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mizimu yoyipa.
-Chikhalidwe cha Chichewa chimakhala ndi nkhani za mizimu, mfiti, ndi amatsenga. Chifukwa chake, hipinosi, makamaka [[Hipinosi Yobwerera]], imawoneka ngati yowopsa komanso yosayenera kwa anthu ena. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa hipinosi mu chipatala kumathandiza kusintha malingaliro a anthu, koma kusintha uku ndi kosayenda msanga. Akatswiri amafunika kukhala odzichepetsa ndi kumvetsera chikhalidwe cha munthu aliyense akagwiritsa ntchito njira iyi.
+== Tsvagurudzo Yesainzi ==
-== Akatswiri Olemekezeka a ku Malawi ==
+Tsvagurudzo yezvesainzi inoratidza kuti panguva yehipinosi, maitiro emuuropi (brain) anochinja. Ongororo dzeNeuroimaging dzakaratidza kuti panguva iyi, matunhu emuuropi anobatanidzwa mukutarisa uye kuziva anoshanda zvakanyanya, nepo mamwe matunhu anobatanidzwa mukuziva uye kuziva kuti ndiri ani (self-awareness) anodzikira kushanda. Izvi zvinotsanangura sei munhu ari muhipinosi achiita seanoteerera zvakanyanya mazano, asi achigona kuramba aine ruzivo rwekuti ndiani.
-Palibe akatswiri ambiri a hipinosi yokhazikika ku Malawi, koma pali akatswiri a thanzi la malingaliro omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zofanana ndi hipinosi m'njira zawo.
-* '''Dr. Chiwoza Bandawe''': Ndiye woyamba kukhala Professor wa Psychology ku University of Malawi (Chancellor College). Samagwiritsa ntchito hipinosi yokhazikika, koma amaphunzitsa za njira zina zothetsera mavuto a malingaliro, ndipo amalimbikitsa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka njira zosiyanasiyana zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha Malawi.
+MuZimbabwe, tsvagurudzo pamusoro pehipinosi haisati yakawanda, asi mamwe masangano akaita se[[University of Zimbabwe]] Faculty of Medicine ne[[Zimbabwe Psychological Association]] anotanga kufarira mashandisirwo ayo mukurapa kushushikana, kushaya hope, uye kudzora marwadzo, kunyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu ekushomeka kwevarapi vezvepfungwa. Zvakare, pane kufarirwa kwekushandisa hipinosi seimwe nzira yekubatsira vanhu vane zvinetso zvepfungwa zvinokonzerwa nenguva yekurwa kwechimurenga (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder).
-* '''Dr. Felix Kauye''': Katswiri wamkulu wa thanzi la malingaliro ku Ministry of Health. Wathandiza kupanga mfundo za thanzi la malingaliro m'dziko lonse, ndipo amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zonse zothandiza, kuphatikiza zomwe zingakhale zofanana ndi hipinosi, koma zokhazikika ndi chikhalidwe.
-* '''MACPA Akatswiri''': Akatswiri ambiri a m'bungwe la Malawi Counsellors and Psychologists Association amagwiritsa ntchito njira zochokera ku Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), zomwe nthawi zina zimaphatikizidwa ndi zochita zofanana ndi kuika pachiwopsezo kuti athetsere mavuto a mantha ndi masautso.
-== Onanso ==
+== Mashandisirwo ==
-* [[Thanzi la Malingaliro]]
-* [[Cognitive Behavioral Therapy]]
+Hipinosi inoshandiswa muzvikamu zvakawanda zvehutano, kunyanya:
-* [[Zochitika Zoopsa]]
-* [[Mankhwala Ochepetsa Madolo]]
+* '''Kurapwa kwePfungwa neManzwiro''': Kubatsira vanhu vane kushushikana, kusuruvara, hasha, kutyoka moyo, uye zvinetso zvekudzokorora zviitiko (PTSD).
-* [[Malawi Counsellors and Psychologists Association]]
+* '''Kudzora Marwadzo''': Inoshandiswa mukuvhiya, pakuberekwa, uye pakurapa marwadzo emapfupa kana tsandanyama.
+* '''Kusiya Tsika Dzakashata''': Kubatsira vanhu kusiya fodya, kunwa doro zvakanyanya, kudya zvakawandisa, uye kumwa mishonga yakaipa.
+* '''Kuvandudza Unyanzvi Hwekuita Zvinhu''': Inobatsira vatambi, vadzidzi, uye vanhu vebasa kuwedzera kuvimba, kudzikisira kutya, uye kuvandudza kutarisa.
+* '''Kurapa Zvinetso Zvekuona Zvakanaka neZvakaipa''' (Body Dysmorphic Disorder): Kubatsira munhu kuti aone muviri wake zvakanaka.
+* '''Kurwisa Zvinetso Zvehusiku''': Kugadzirisa kushaya hope, kurota hope dzinotyisa, uye kurovedza mazino husiku (bruxism).
+* '''[[Hipinosi Yekudzokera]]''': Kushandiswa kwehipinosi kudzokera kune zviitiko zvekare, kazhinji kuvheneka zvikonzero zvezvinetso zvemazuva ano.
+== Mamiriro emutemo muZimbabwe ==
+MuZimbabwe, hipinosi haisi nzira yekurapa inotenderwa zviri pamutemo seimwe nzira yekurapa. Hazvina kudomwa zvakananga mumutemo wezvehutano. Nekudaro, mashandisirwo ayo anoitwa nevanhu vane marezinesi ekurapa, vakaita savanachiremba, varapi vezvepfungwa (psychologists), uye varapi vezveutano hwepfungwa (psychiatric nurses) vari pasi pemitemo yavo yebasa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti munhu anoda kushandisa hipinosi seimwe nzira yekurapa anofanira kunge ari nyanzvi inotenderwa mune imwe nzira yekurapa uye anofanira kudzidziswa zvakakwana nezvehipinosi. Kushandisa hipinosi pasina mvumo kana ruzivo kunogona kutorwa sekutyora mutemo kana kuita zvisiri pamutemo, kunyanya kana kukonzera kukuvara kumunhu.
+== Maonero etsika nemagariro ==
+Maonero echiShona pamusoro pehipinosi anotsaukana. Vamwe vanhu vanoiona sechishandiso chinobatsira chinowirirana netsika dzechivanhu dzekupindwa nemweya uye kurapwa nemashoko. Vanhu ava vanoona hipinosi yechirungu seimwe nzira yekurapa inoenderana neyechivanhu. Vamwe vanoiona sechiratidzo chekutiza tsika dzechivanhu uye kutevedzera tsika dzekunze. Kune vamwezve, kunyanya mumasangano echitendero, vanoona hipinosi sechinhu chakaipa chinobva kunaSatani nekuti chinopinda mupfungwa dzemunhu. Zvisinei, maonero ari kushanduka zvishoma nezvishoma sezvo ruzivo rwehipinosi rwuchiwanda, uye vanhu vachiiona seimwe nzira yekurapa inobatsira.
+== Vashandisi vanozivikanwa muZimbabwe ==
+* '''Dr. Frances M. Lovemore''': Mumwe wevarapi vezvepfungwa vekutanga muZimbabwe kushandisa hipinosi mukurapa vanhu vane zvinetso zvepfungwa, kunyanya vane zvinetso zvekudzokorora zviitiko.
+* '''Sekuru Thomas M. Mhlanga''': Muvambi weimwe yemakliniki ekurapa pfungwa muHarare aishandisa nzira dzakasanganiswa dzehipinosi yechirungu neyechivanhu.
+* '''Vadzidzisi ve[[Zimbabwe Institute of Hypnotherapy]]''': Sangano iri riri kuHarare rinopa zvidzidzo uye marezinesi kune vanoda kudzidza nezve hypnotherapy. Vadyaridzi vesangano iri vanoshanda munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzekurapa.
+* '''Van’anga neMasvikiro Vechivanhu''': Vazhinji vevanhu ava, kunyangwe vasingazviti "hypnotherapists," vanoshandisa nzira dzekupindisa vanhu mumamiriro ekugadzikana kuti avarape kana kuvapa mashoko. Mashandisirwo avo anogona kutorwa sehipinosi yechivanhu.
+== Ringai Zvakare ==
+* [[Hipinosi Yekudzokera]]
+* [[Psychology]]
+* [[Traditional Healing in Zimbabwe]]
+* [[Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder]]
+* [[Zimbabwe Psychological Association]]
 [[Category:Hipinosi]]
 [[Category:Psychology]]